This morning, on the World Service, I learned about an extraordinary hedge. The programme was about artists Himali Singh Soin and David Soin Tappeser and their art installation at Somerset House in London. The exhibit highlights the hedge that once stretched across India but, now, is completely gone.
The hedge followed a section of the Customs Line, an attempt to stop smugglers taking salt from one side of the country to the other without paying tax. The Line was instituted by the East India Company when it, basically, controlled all trade in India. It was begun in 1803 with a series of Customs Houses but soon expanded into a line of dead wood like the Indian plum, renowned for its prickliness, on top of a raised path that linked guard posts.
Unfortunately, the dead hedge, as it was called, needed constant repair and replacement as it was destroyed by pests, weather and tax dodgers. Then, a chap called Allan Octavian Hume decided that it would be a lot more economical to plant a living hedge and let nature do the job for them.
This worked extremely well and, eventually, the Salt Hedge, as it became known, grew into a formidable barrier. Hume was the Commissioner of Inland Customs from 1867 to 1870, and he spent a lot of time trying to work out the best plants to use. Eventually, the hedge was never shorter than 2.4 metres and 3.7 metres at its highest. It was over a metre thick at it’s narrowest, expanding to 4.3 metres at its widest.
According to Hume, it was “…utterly impassable to man or beast.” He was very proud of his hedge.
At its height, the hedge was 1,300 kilometres long, with additional sections of dead hedge and dry stonewall in some sections. Then, in 1878, a decision was made to abandon the hedge and, in 1879, the hedge was, indeed, abandoned. A far better option had been decided upon: Charge the tax at the source of the salt.
Mind you, this would have put a lot of officials out of a job. After all, at one point the Customs Line employed over 12,000 men. Which gives an idea of how much the tax was worth.
What I think is the most amazing bit of this history is the fact that nothing of the Salt Hedge remains today. In fact, the knowledge of its very existence had almost vanished as well. It took a determined Roy Moxham, a library conservator at the University of London, to dig out the whole story.
Having found a brief mention of the hedge in a book by Major-General Sir William Henry Sleeman he took three trips to India to find where the hedge had been and did an awful lot of research through old, dusty records. Eventually he wrote a book about it.
The Great Hedge of India was published in 2001. Then, in 2015, Horrible Histories featured the hedge in one of their programmes. This was followed by a 2021 book by artists Sheila Ghelani and Sue Palmer, based on their live performance of a piece called Common Salt. And now, of course, Himali Singh Soin and David Soin Tappeser have brought the hedge to light once more.
These days, there is a rather comprehensive Wikipedia entry describing every detail of the hedge. It is here. It’s a very dry entry. Mind you, if you’re working with salt, you really need it to be dry.